Abstract
Specific benefits of vaccinations against influenza during COVID-19
The implementation of preventive vaccination plans helps to achieve advantages at four different levels: from the prevention of individual infections, through global and population protection, to the prevention of infections in subsequent generations. Vaccines against influenza have been available on the medical market for several decades now, they have been demonstrated to be effective and safe (including in pregnant women), and they also have been observed to have the lowest rate of post-vaccination reactions. The implementation of influenza vaccination reimbursement plans covering more people will help to eliminate one of the barriers to the availability of the vaccine, which is the funding of vaccinations. If this is accompanied by promotion and education campaigns, both adult and pediatric patients will achieve benefits from effective influenza vaccination plans during COVID-19.
Piśmiennictwo
1. Kuchar E, Mrukowicz J, Gładysz A i wsp. Grypa. W: Gajewski P, Szczeklik A (red.). Interna Szczeklika 2018. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna, 2018:2371-7
2. https://szczepienia.pzh.gov.pl/szczepionki/grypa/?ile-zachorowan-na-grype-wystapilo-w-polsce-w-sezonie-grypowym-2019/2020
3. WHO. COVID-19 IHR Emergency Committee. 2020
4. WHO. Influenza (seasonal). 2021
5. WHO. Symptoms of Coronavirus. 2021
6. Ura T, Yamashita A, Mizuki N, et al. New vaccine production platforms used in developing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2021;39(2):197-201
7. Cates J, Lucero-Obusan C, Dahl RM, et al. Risk for In-Hospital Complications Associated with COVID-19 and Influenza – Veterans Health Administration, United States, October 1, 2018-May 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69(42):1528-34
8. Bai L, Zhao Y, Dong J, et al. Coinfection with influenza A virus enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Cell Res 2021;31:395-403. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-021-00473-1
9. Jacobs JH, Viboud C, Tchetgen E, et al. The association of meningococcal disease with influenza in the United States, 1989-2009. PLoS One 2014;9(9):e107486. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107486
10. Atzinger L, Henn W. A classification of the aims of vaccination and its relevance to transgenerational justice. J Glob Health 2020;10(1):010341. doi:10.7189/jogh.10.010341
11. Komunikat Głównego Inspektora Sanitarnego z dnia 22 grudnia 2020 r. w sprawie Programu Szczepień Ochronnych na rok 2021. DZ. URZ. Min. Zdr. 2020.117. http://dziennikmz.mz.gov.pl/legalact/2020/117/
12. https://szczepienia.pzh.gov.pl/szczepionki/grypa/
13. World Health Organization. Europe. Methods assessing influenza vaccination coverage in target groups. Kopenhaga, Dania, 2016
14. https://szczepienia.pzh.gov.pl/faq/jaki-jest-poziom-zaszczepienia-przeciw-grypie-w-polsce/
15. CBOS. Stosunek do szczepień przeciw COVID-19 i grypie. Komunikat z badań nr 154/2020
16. https://www.gov.pl/web/szczepimysie/raport-szczepien-przeciwko-covid-19
17. Zgliczyński WS. Szczepienia ochronne w Polsce. BAS 2021;6(287)
18. Brydak LB. Grypa. Pandemia grypy – mit czy realne zagrożenie? Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm, 2008:9-469
19. https://szczepienia.pzh.gov.pl/szczepionki/grypa/?strona=5#kto-powinien-zostac-zaszczepiony-przeciw-grypie
20. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/assessing-risk-factors.html
21. https://szczepienia.pzh.gov.pl/szczepionki/grypa/?strona=5#kto-powinien-zostac-zaszczepiony-przeciw-grypie
22. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/assessing-risk-factors.html
23. Huang K, Lin SW, Sheng WH, et al. Influenza vaccination and the risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness in older adults in the United States. Sci Rep 2021;11:11025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90068-y
24. https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20191004/flu-vaccine-reduces-risk-for-hospitalization-in-kids-death-in-adults
25. Tanner AR, Dorey RB, Brendish NJ, et al. Influenza vaccination: protecting the most vulnerable. European Respiratory Review Mar 2021;30(159):200258. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0258-2020
26. Benowitz I, Esposito DB, Gracey KD, et al. Influenza vaccine given to pregnant women reduces hospitalization due to influenza in their infants. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51(12):1355-61. doi:10.1086/657309
27. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-IVB-16.06
28. Thompson MG, Kwong JC, Regan AK, et al. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing Influenza-associated Hospitalizations During Pregnancy: A Multi-country Retrospective Test Negative Design Study, 2010-2016. Clin Infect Dis 2019;68(9):1444-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy737
29. Smit MA, Wang HL, Kim E, et al. Influenza Vaccine is Protective Against Laboratory-confirmed Influenza in Obese Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016;35(4):440-5. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001029
30. Lavallée P, Perchaud V, Gautier-Bertrand M, et al. Association Between Influenza Vaccination and Reduced Risk of Brain Infarction. Stroke 2002;33:513-18. doi: 10.1161/hs0202.102328
31. Barnes M, Heywood AE, Mahimbo A, et al. Acute myocardial infarction and influenza: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Heart 2015;101(21):1738-47
32. Gershon AS, Chung H, Porter J, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalizations in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect Dis 2020;221(1):42-52
33. Wang IK, Lin Ch-L, Chang Y-Ch, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccination in elderly diabetic patients: A retrospective cohort study. Vaccine 2013;31(4):718-24
34. Nunes MC, Madhi SA. Prevention of influenza-related illness in young infants by maternal vaccination during pregnancy. F1000Res 2018;7:122. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12473.1
35. Walsh LK, Donelle J, Dodds L, et al. Health outcomes of young children born to mothers who received 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccination during pregnancy: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2019;366:l4151. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4151
36. Nordin JD, Kharbanda EO, Benitez GV, et al. Maternal influenza vaccine and risks for preterm or small for gestational age birth. J Pediatr 2014;164(5):1051-7e2
37. Ding H, Black CL, Ball S, et al. Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Women – United States, 2016-17 Influenza Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66(38):1016-22
38. Murthy NC, Black C, Kahn KE, et al. Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis and Influenza Vaccinations among Women With a Live Birth, Internet Panel Survey, 2017-2018. Infect Dis (Auckl) 2020;13:1178633720904099
39. Seasonal influenza vaccination and antiviral use in EU/EEA Member States – Overview of vaccine recommendations for 2017–2018 and vaccination coverage rates for 2015-2016 and 2016–2017 influenza seasons. Stockholm: ECDC, 2018
40. https://indeks.mp.pl/leki/
41. Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia w sprawie metody zapobiegania grypie sezonowej w sezonie 2021/2022. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20210001581/O/D20211581.pdf
42. https://www.rynekzdrowia.pl/Polityka-zdrowotna/Szczepionki-przeciw-grypie-dla-dzieci-i-mlodziezy-AOTMiT-za-objeciem-refundacja-dwoch-preparatow,223528,14.html
43. http://www.npzg.pl/