Podsumowanie
Kształtowanie się procesów integracji sensorycznej w okresie prenatalnym i w pierwszych miesiącach życia dziecka często determinuje poziom rozwoju. Jakość ruchu, reakcji równoważnych i koordynacji wzrokowo-ruchowej wynikają ze wzajemnych sprzężeń zwrotnych zachodzących między układami sensorycznymi, w tym płynących z układu wzrokowego. Poznanie zależności wzrokowo-posturalnych pozwala na efektywniejszy proces diagnostyczny i terapeutyczny dziecka.
Powyższą wiedzę można wykorzystać również podczas pracy terapeutycznej. Jak już wspomniano, wprowadzona przez autorkę metoda sensomotorycznej terapii widzenia pozwala podczas zajęć terapeutycznych integrować funkcje wzrokowe i umiejętności poznawcze z prawidłowymi wzorcami ruchowymi w celu uzyskania optymalnej integracji procesów sensomotorycznych. Na rycinach 9-11 przedstawiono przykładowe ćwiczenia wykonywane w ramach STW.
Abstract
The development of vision in children in the context of sensorimotor integration
The progress of sensorimotor integration during the prenatal period and in the first months of life often determines the subsequent level of the child’s developmental performance. The quality of movements, postural control and ocular-motor coordination are shaped by sensory feedback inputs, including those from the visual system. Gaining a good understanding of relationships between visual information and postural responses helps to ensure a more effective process for the diagnosis and treatment of children.
The method of sensorimotor therapy of vision, as developed by the author, promotes the integration of visual and cognitive functions with normal movement patterns during therapeutic sessions to achieve optimal integration of sensorimotor processes.
Piśmiennictwo
- Birch HG, Lefford A. Intersensory development in children. Monogr Soc Res Child 1963;28:3-48
- Friedes D. Human information processing and sensory modality: Cross-modal functions, information complexity, memory, and deficit. Psychol Bull 1974;81:284-310
- Piaget J. The origins of intelligence in children. International Universities Press, New York 1952
- Gibson JJ. The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1966
- Gibson JJ. The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1979
- Gibson EJ. Principles of perceptual learning and development. Oxford University Press, New York 1969
- Lewkowicz DJ, Lickliter R. The development of intersensory perception: Comparative perspectives. Erlbaum, Hillsdale NJ 1994
- Ghazanfar A, Schroeder C. Is neocortex essentially multisensory? Trends Cogn Sci 2006;10:278-85
- Koelewijn T, Bronkhorst A, Theeuwes J. Attention and the multiple stages of multisensory integration: A review of audiovisual studies. Acta Psychol 2010:372-84
- Stein B, Meredith A. The merging of the senses. MIT Press, Cambridge MA 1993
- Zahar Y, Reches A, Gutfreund Y. Multisensory enhancement in the optic tectum of the barn owl: Spike count and spike timing. J Neurophysiol 2009;101:2380-94
- Calvert G, Spence C, Stein B.The handbook of multisensory processes. MIT Press, Cambridge MA 2004
- Ernst MO, Bulthoff HH. Merging the senses into a robust percept. Trends Cogn Sci 2004;8:162-9
- Gori M, Mazzilli G, Sandini G, et al. Cross-sensory facilitation reveals neural interactions between visual and tactile motion in humans. Front Psychol 2011;2:1-9
- Gottlieb G. Ontogenesis of sensory function in birds and mammals. In: Tobach E, Aronson L, Shaw E (eds.). The biopsychology of development. Academic Press, New York 1971:67-128
- DeCasper AJ, Fifer WP. Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers’ voices. Science 1980;208:1174-6
- Hepper PG, Scott D, Shahidullah S. Newborn and fetal response to maternal voice. J Reprod Infant Psyc 1993;11:147-53
- Lickliter R. Embryonic sensory experience and intersensory development in precocial birds. In: Lecanuet JP, Fifer WP, Krasnegor N, et al. (eds.) Fetal development: A psychobiological perspective. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1995:281-94
- Lickliter R. Prenatal sensory ecology and experience: Implications for perceptual and behavioral development in precocial birds. Adv Study Behav 2005;35:235-74
- Robertson SS, Bacher LF. Fetal development: A psychobiological perspective. Oscillation and chaos in fetal motor activity. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1995:169-89
- Lickliter R. The role of sensory stimulation in perinatal development: Insights from comparative research for care of the high-risk infant. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2000;21:437-47
- Als H, Gilkerson L, Duffy F, et al. A three-center, randomized, controlled trial of individualized developmental care for very low birth weight preterm infants: Medical, neurodevelopmental, parenting, and caregiving effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2003;24:399-408
- Gressens P, Rogido M, Paindaveine B, et al. The impact of the neonatal intensive care practices on the developing brain. J Pediatr 2002;140:646-53
- Ferronato PAM, Domellöf E, Rönnqvist L. Early influence of auditory stimuli on upper-limb movements in young human infants: an overview. Front Psychol 2014;5:1043
- Garey LJ. Structural development of the visual system of man. Hum Neurobiol 1984;3:75-80
- Teller DY. Scotopic vision, color vision, and stereopsis in infants. Curr Eye Res 1982;2:199-210
- Yuodelis C, Hendrickson A. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the human fovea during development. Vision Res 1986;26:847-55
- Prechtl HF, Cioni G, Einspieler C, et al. Role of vision on early motor development: lessons from the blind. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43(3):198-201
- Bly L. Motor skills acquisition in the first year. All illustrated guide to normal development. Elsevier Health Sciences, 1995
- Myers TW. Taśmy anatomiczne. DB Publishing, Warszawa 2015
- Leat SJ. Reduced accommodation in children with cerebral palsy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996;16(5):385-90
- McClelland JF, Parkes J, Hill N, et al. Accommodative Dysfunction in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Population-Based Study. Clin Epidemiol Res 2006,47(5). https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2125004