ABSTRACT
Foetal programming – effect of maternal body weight during pregnancy and child’s birth weight on child’s health status
According to the Barker hypothesis, major chronic diseases such as ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus may originate during intrauterine life due to malnutrition of the fetus. While early studies focused on the consequences of low birth weight for the health of adults, later investigations found that babies with intrauterine growth restriction, especially those with tendency to ‘catch up’ growth, may also be at higher risk of overweight or obesity in childhood. Recent studies indicate that maternal overweight may also predispose to excessive neonatal weight and overweight or obesity in early childhood. The risk is significantly increased in the setting of maternal gestational diabetes and hypertension. However, the effects of these pregnancy complications are not only seen in childhood. Maternal obesity is associated with a number of long-term adverse health outcomes in the offspring, including a lifelong risk of obesity and metabolic dysregulation with increased insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidaemia, as well as behavioural problems and a risk of asthma. Large prospective studies indicate that not only maternal obesity, but also several other cardiovascular risk factors are important predictors for the development of such risk factors in children aged 10-14 years.
On the other hand, a healthy maternal diet (high DASH index) has been found to be protective for the development of depressive or anxiety symptoms and aggressive behaviour such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children.
Known lifestyle interventions do not reduce individual maternal complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension. No significant effects on fetal or childhood outcomes have been documented to date.
Piśmiennictwo
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