Stosowanie kropli nawilżających, zwłaszcza zawierających komponentę tłuszczową, a także odpowiednie nawodnienie organizmu, obecność w diecie kwasów omega-3 pozwalają zatem złagodzić objawy zespołu suchego oka, co jest niezwykle istotne właśnie u kobiet w okresie postmenopauzalnym. Kwasy omega-3 zmniejszają osmolarność filmu łzowego, poprawiając jego stabilizację, oraz przyczyniają się dzięki swojemu działaniu przeciwzapalnemu do zmniejszenia zaczerwienienia oczu.

Podsumowanie

Z uwagi na naturę schorzenia ważne jest, aby lekarze okuliści byli wyczuleni na potrzeby swoich pacjentek będących w okresie klimakterium, by móc wcześnie zdiagnozować problem. Wiele kobiet nie jest świadomych obecności DES – dopiero odpowiednio zebrany wywiad pozwala uzyskać informacje, że towarzyszą im objawy związane z tym schorzeniem. Ważne jest zatem, by dążyć do zniwelowania tych objawów i prewencji następstw związanych z wysychaniem powierzchni oka.

Abstract

Menopause: not only a gynecological issue. Dry eye syndrome during menopause

Dry eye syndrome (DES) has become a global public health problem over the recent years. Advanced age and female sex are the two most evident and well-known risk factors for DES. It is known that systemic and topical sex hormones are strictly correlated to the ocular surface stability. During menopause hormone levels keep changing and women are at a greater risk of developing DES. Considering the fact that menopause starts between 44 and 56 years of age, this syndrome may affect one third of a woman’s life. DES is not only related to the overall eye health, but also to the patient’s personal and social quality of life. It is important to know the early symptoms of DES to promote primary identification and prevention of the disease as well as to reduce its subsequent implications.

Piśmiennictwo

1. Zhu Y, Wei J, Yang X, et al. Investigation on prevalence and risk factors associated with genitourinary syndrome of menopause in middle-aged and older women in Beijing community: a cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2022;22(1):558. doi: 10.1186/s12905-022-02099-w

2. Sarmento ACA, Costa APF, Vieira-Baptista P, et al. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: epidemiology, physiopathology, clinical manifestation and diagnostic. Front Reprod Health 2021;3:779398. doi: 10.3389/frph.2021.779398

3. Lobo RA, Gompel A. Management of menopause: a view towards prevention. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022;10(6):457-70. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00269-2

4. Hasan ZA. Dry eye syndrome risk factors: A systemic review. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2022;35(2):131-9. doi: 10.4103/1319-4534.337849

5. Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, et al. TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report. Ocul Surf 2017;15(3):276-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.008

6. Grasso A, Di Zazzo A, Giannaccare G, et al. Sex Hormones Related Ocular Dryness in Breast Cancer Women. J Clin Med 2021;10(12):2620. doi: 10.3390/jcm10122620

7. Lurati AR. Menopause and Dry Eye Syndrome. Nurs Womens Health 2019;23(1):71-8. doi: 10.1016/j.nwh.2018.11.001

8. Gayton JL. Etiology, prevalence, and treatment of dry eye disease. Clin Ophthalmol 2009;3:405-12. doi: 10.2147/opth.s5555

9. Barabino S. Is dry eye disease the same in young and old patients? A narrative review of the literature. BMC Ophthalmol 2022;22(85). doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02269-2

10. Meadows JF, Dionne K, Nichols KK. Differential profiling of T-cell cytokines as measured by protein microarray across dry eye subgroups. Cornea 2016;35:329-35

11. Dohlman TH, Ding J, Dana R, et al. T cell-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor contributes to dry eye disease pathogenesis by promoting CD11b+ myeloid cell maturation and migration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017;58(2):13306. doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20789.

12. Ouyang X, Yang J, Hong Z, et al. Mechanisms of blue light-induced eye hazard and protective measures: a review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020;130:110577. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110577

13. Findlay Q, Reid K. Dry eye disease: when to treat and when to refer. Aust Prescr 2018;41:160-3. doi: 10.18773/austprescr.2018.048

14. Courtin R, Pereira B, Naughton G, et al. Prevalence of dry eye disease in visual display terminal workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2016;6:e009675. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009675

15. Qian L, Wei W. Identified risk factors for dry eye syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022;17(8):e0271267. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271267

16. Weng HY, Ho WT, Chiu CY, et al. Characteristics of tear film lipid layer in young dry eye patients. J Formos Med Assoc 2020;S0929-6646(20):30526-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.10.028

17. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Dry eye syndrome. PPP – 2013. https://www.aao.org/preferred-practicepattern/dry-eye-syndrome-ppp–2013

18. Lollett IV, Galor A. Dry eye syndrome: Developments and lifitegrast in perspective. Clinic Ophthalmol 2018;12:125-39. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S126668

19. Carlson E, Kao WWY, Ogundele A. Impact of hyaluronic acid-containing artificial tear products on reepithelialization in an in vivo corneal wound model. J Ocular Pharmacol Therap Photo 2018;34(4):360-4. doi: 10.1089/jop.2017.0080

20. Liu Q, Liu J, Ren C, et al. Proteomic analysis of tears following acupuncture treatment for menopausal dry eye disease by two-dimensional nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Int J Nanomedicine 2017;12:1663-71. doi: 10.2147/ IJN.S26968

21. Feng Y, Feng G, Peng S, et al. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on dry eye syndromes evaluated by Schirmer test depend on patient age. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2016;39(2):124-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.09.002

Do góry