ABSTRACT
Profiles of patients who were treated with guanfacine for ADHD
Guanfacine is a selective α2A-adrenergic receptor agonist with a mechanism of action closely related to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the central nervous system, α2A receptors are highly expressed in the prefrontal cortex, a brain region essential for executive functions. Guanfacine acts by stimulating postsynaptic α2A receptors in the prefrontal cortex, leading to closure of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, which enhances neuronal signaling. Additionally, activation of presynaptic α2A receptors decreases noradrenaline release, thereby reducing excessive noradrenergic activity in the central nervous system. These pharmacodynamic effects account for the clinical efficacy of guanfacine in ADHD.Data from meta-analytic studies based on randomized controlled trials indicate that guanfacine is significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of ADHD with particularly strong evidence for its use in children and adolescents. Although data in adults remain more limited, available studies demonstrate that guanfacine and other non-stimulant medications are more effective than placebo in this population.Guanfacine is well tolerated, with the most frequently reported adverse effects being somnolence, headache, and fatigue. Due to the risk of rebound hypertension after abrupt discontinuation, treatment adherence is essential. Based on its efficacy and safety profile, guanfacine is recommended as a second-line treatment for ADHD in several international clinical guidelines, particularly when stimulant medications are ineffective, poorly tolerated, or contraindicated.The article also presents two cases of patients diagnosed with ADHD who were treated with guanfacine. Attention is given to the indications for guanfacine therapy, dosing principles, and the monitoring of adverse effects.
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