ABSTRACT

Immune system: a target or trigger of diabetes?

An analysis of thousands of COVID-19 cases has strongly demonstrated that hyperglycemia and diabetes are poor prognostic factors. Diabetes is associated with chronic inflammation and affects both the innate and the adaptive immune response. The primary goal of diabetes therapy is to achieve optimal glycemia and reduce the risk of chronic complications, however, an additional benefit of well-controlled diabetes is the minimized risk of high vulnerability to infectious diseases. There is also plenty of evidence to suggest that immune cells play a crucial role in the pathology of diabetes.

KEYWORDS: diabetes, hyperglycemia, immune system, obesity, chronic inflammation

Piśmiennictwo

1. Van Crevel R, Van de Vijver S, Moore DA. The global diabetes epidemic: what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5(6):457-68

2. Gupta S, Koirala J, Khardori R, et al. Infections in diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2007;21(3):617-38

3. Thaiss CA, Levy M, Grosheva I, et al. Hyperglycemia drives intestinal barrier dysfunction and risk for enteric infection. Science 2018;359(6382):1376-83

4. Gill SK, Hui K, Farne H, et al. Increased airway glucose increases airway bacterial load in hyperglycaemia. Sci Rep 2016;6:27636

5. Nathella P K, Babu S. Influence of diabetes mellitus on immunity to human tuberculosis. Immunology 2017;152(1):13-24

6. Kawahito S, Kitahata H, Oshita S. Problems associated with glucose toxicity: role of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:4137-42

7. Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Diabetes and mitochondrial function: role of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006;212:167-78

8. Langouche L, Van den Berghe G. Glucose metabolism and insulin therapy. Crit Care Clin 2006;22:119-29

9. Marik PE, Raghavan M. Stress-hyperglycemia, insulin and immunomodulation in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:748-56

10. Jafar N, Edriss H, Nugent K. The effect of short-term hyperglycemia on the innate immune system. Am J Med Sci 2016;351:201-11

11. Hu R, Xia C, Butfiloski E, et al. Effect of high glucose on cytokine production by human peripheral blood immune cells and type I interferon signaling in monocytes: implications for the role of hyperglycemia in the diabetes inflammatory process and host defense against Infection. Clin Immunol 2018;195:139-48

12. Parvanehpour N, Shojaei S, Khorramymehr S, et al. Diabetes can change the viscoelastic properties of lymphocytes. Prog Biomater 2018;7(3):219-24

13. Schuetz P, Jones AE, Howell MD, et al. Diabetes is not associated with increased mortality in emergency department patients with sepsis. Ann Emerg Med 2011;58:438-44

14. Critchley JA, Carey IM, Harris T, et al. Glycemic control and risk of infections among people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large primary care cohort study. Diabetes Care 2018;41:2127-35

15. Gornik I, Gornik O, Gasparović V. HbA1c is outcome predictor in diabetic patients with sepsis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;77:120-5

16. Yang L, Sun Y, Li G, et al. Is hemoglobin A1c and perioperative hyperglycemia predictive of periprosthetic joint infection following total joint arthroplasty? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2017;96:51

17. Capes, SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, et al. Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet 2000;355:773-8

18. Van den Berghe G. Molecular biology: A timely tool for further unraveling the “diabetes of stress”. Crit Care Med 2001;29;91-1

19. Wernly B, Lichtenauer M, Franz M, et al. Differential impact of hyperglycemia in critically Ill patients: significance in acute myocardial infarction but not in sepsis? Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:1586

20. Robba C, Bilotta F. Admission hyperglycemia and outcome in ICU patients with sepsis. J Thorac Dis 2016;8(7):E581-3

21. Szumita P, Gilmore J. Admission hyperglycemia in sepsis is associated with poor outcomes: where do we go from here? J Thorac Dis 2016;8(7):E567-70

22. Fabbri A, Marchesini G, Benazzi B, et al. Stress hyperglycemia and mortality in subjects with diabetes and sepsis. Crit Care Expl 2020;2:e0152

23. Jia Y, Zhao Y, Li C, et al. The expression of programmed death-1 on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe sepsis. PLoS One 2016;11(7):e0159383

24. Araszkiewicz A, Bandurska-Stankiewicz E, Borys S, et al. Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące postepowania u chorych z cukrzycą 2021. Stanowisko Polskiego Towarzystwa Diabetologicznego. Diabetol Prakt 2021;7(1):1-121

25. Xia C, Rao X, Zhong J. Role of T lymphocytes in type 2 diabetes and diabetes-associated inflammation. J Diabetes Res 2017;2017:6494795

26. Van Dyke A, Lang Kuhs K, Shiels M, et al. Associations between self-reported diabetes and 78 circulating markers of inflammation, immunity, and metabolism among adults in the United States. PLoS One 2017;12(7):e0182359

27. Zhou T, Hu Z, Yang S, et al. Role of adaptive and innate immunity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2018;2018:7457269

28. Li Q, Gao Z, Wang H, et al. Intestinal immunomodulatory cells (T lymphocytes): a bridge between gut microbiota and diabetes. Mediators Inflamm 2018;2018:9830939

29. Sanchez-Alcoholado L, Castellano-Castillo D, Jordán-Martínez L, et al. Role of gut microbiota on cardio-metabolic parameters and immunity in coronary artery disease patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Microbiol 2017;8:1936

Do góry