ABSTRACT
Health effects of protein glycation
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in the development of diabetes complications. Hyperglycemia promotes the glycation process, a non-enzymatic, multi-stage process leading to modification of proteins or other structural or regulatory molecules by reducing sugar or reactive precursors such as dicarbonyls. Due to the limited ability of the human body to control the process and excrete glycation products, the reaction leads to the accumulation of AGEs in tissues, causing, among others, stiffening of blood vessels and increased susceptibility to inflammation and oxidative stress. The effects attributable to AGEs are associated with the direct inactivation of glycated molecules, including collagen or insulin, the formation of cross-links in tissues and interactions with numerous receptors, which activates pro-inflammatory pathways, generates reactive oxygen species and activates the expression of numerous cytokines and growth factors. AGEs have been found to be associated with micro- and macrovascular complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis with vascular calcification as well as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper also discusses the role of exogenous AGEs, which largely originate from heat-treated foods, but also from environmental pollutants. It is highlighted that dietary AGEs are a modifiable risk factor for intestinal dysbiosis and further metabolic consequences. Monitoring and controlling levels of AGEs or early glycation products, such as HbA1c, fructosamine or glycated albumin, can help prevent or delay diabetes complications. The paper also discusses the importance of therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting AGE formation or breaking AGE cross-links in order to improve diabetic care and prevent complications.
Piśmiennictwo
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