Piśmiennictwo:
1. Braunschweig F, Cowie MR, Auricchio A. What are the costs of heart failure? Europace 2011;13(suppl 2):13-7.
2. McMurray JJV, Aamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Heart Journal 2012;33:1787-1847.
3. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669.
4. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429.
5. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 1991;325:293.
6. Jong P, Yusuf S, Rousseau MF, et al. Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study. Lancet 2003;361:1843.
7. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation 1999;100:2312.
8. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet 1993;342:821-8.
9. Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1670-6.
10. Delahaye F, de Gevigney G. Is the optimal dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure definitely established? J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:2096.
11. Furberg CD, Pitt B. Are all angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors interchangeable. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1456-60.
12. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353:2001-7.
13. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:9-13.
14. Packer M, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1651-8.
15. The Capricorn Investigators. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricluar dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomized trial. Lancet 2002;357:1385.
16. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JGF, et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carevdilol or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET); randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:7-13.
17. Flatcher MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJS, et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J 2005;26:215-25.
18. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2010;376:875-85.
19. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:709.
20. Pitt B, Williams G, Remme W, et al. The EPHESUS trial: eplerenone in patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction complicating acute myocardial infarction. Eplerenone Post-AMI Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2001;15:79-87.
21. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med 2011;364:11.
22. Sonder SU, Mikkelsen M, Rieneck K, et al. Effects of spironolactone on human blood mononuclear cells: mineralocorticoid receptor independent effects on gene expression and late apoptosis induction. British Journal of Pharmacology 2006;148(1):46-53.
23. Williams TA, Verhovez A, Milan A, et al. Protective effect of spironolactone on endothelial cell apoptosis. Endocrinology 2006;147(5):2496-505.
24. Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1667.
25. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 2003;362:767.
26. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 2003;362:772.
27. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1893.
28. Dickstein K, Kjekshus J; OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 2002;360:752-60.
29. Pitt B. i wsp.: Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial – the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 2000;355:1582-7.
30. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:225-37.
31. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators (MADIT II). N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933-40.
32. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1576-83.
33. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2140.
34. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539.
35. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. Longer-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on mortality in heart failure [the CArdiacREsynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) trial extension phase]. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1928.
36. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events (MADIT-CRT). N Engl J Med 2009;361:1329.
37. Tang AS, Wells GA, Talajic M, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure (RAFT). N Engl J Med 2010;363:2385.
38. Peuter OR, Lip GYH, Souverein PC, Klungel OH, et al. Time-trends in treatment and cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure: a pharmacosurveillance study. European Journal of Heart Failure 2011;13,489-95.
Piśmiennictwo do tabeli 3:
1. Massie BM, Drexler H eds. Cardiology, London, Mosby International 2001.
2. Metra M, Giubbini R, et al. Differential Effects of β-Blockers in Patients With Heart Failure. Circulation 2000;102:546-51.
3. Sanderson JE, Chan SKW, et al. Beta-blockade in heart failure. A comparison of carvedilol with metoprolol. JACC 1999;34(5):1522-8.
4. Kukin ML, Kalman J, et al. Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Effect of Long-Term Treatment With Metoprolol or Carvedilol on Symptoms, Exercise, Ejection Fraction, and Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure. Circulation 1999;99:2645-51.
5. Fung JWH, Chan SKW, et al. Is beta-blockade useful in heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation? An analysis of data from two previously completed prospective trials. Eur J Heart Failure 2002;4:489-94.
6. Piccirillo G, Quaglione R, et al. Effects of long-term beta-blocker (metoprolol or carvedilol) therapy on QT variability in subjects with chronic heart failure secondary to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1113-7.
7. Colucci WS, Gottlieb SS, et al. UpToDate.06.2012