Abstract
Early menopause: symptoms, causes and diagnosis
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as the absence of menstruation for at least four months before 40 years of age, associated with increased FSH levels (usually above 40 IU/l, measured at least two times per month) and decreased estradiol levels (less than 50 pg/ml). Early menopause (EM) is defined as the cessation of menstruation between 40 and 44 years of age. EM affects about 1% of women under 40 years of age and 0.1% of women under 30 years of age. Although the origin of POF is unknown in most cases, of relevance to the pathogenesis of POF are certain genetic, iatrogenic and autoimmune factors as well as exposure to some harmful environmental substances and infections. These conditions are associated with infertility, vasomotor and urogenital symptoms as well as a number of well-documented short- and long-term health consequences, which translate into reduced quality of life, poor social functioning, increased morbidity and mortality. Of relevance to the diagnosis is the assessment of sex hormones, ultrasound examination of the ovaries and the determination of anti-Müllerian hormone. An adequate management of women encompasses prevention, identification as well as therapy of concomitant diseases and adverse health consequences. An individualized and multidisciplinary approach is required. For POF/EM women, it is recommended that lifestyle habits be modified, adequate supplementation be assured and, in the absence of contraindications, hormonal replacement therapy be used until the age of natural menopause.
Piśmiennictwo
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