Kaszel produktywny (charakterystyczny dla drugiej fazy zapalenia) stanowi podstawę do podania leków mukoaktywnych186:
- mukolitycznych, które zmieniają właściwości fizykochemiczne śluzu, powodując zmniejszenie lepkości wydzieliny. W ostrych zakażeniach skuteczne jest podawanie N-acetylocysteiny i erdosteiny
- mukokinetycznych, np. ambroksolu oraz bromoheksyny. Leki z tej grupy działają w obrębie aparatu rzęskowego komórek nabłonka dróg oddechowych, usprawniając transport śluzowo-rzęskowy
- mukoregulujących, np. karbocysteiny, która hamuje proces przewlekłej hipersekrecji śluzu.
Ponadto w przypadku kaszlu w przebiegu ostrego zapalenia oskrzeli 1,8-cyneol wykazał znaczące działanie zmniejszające częstość napadów kaszlu188.
W ostrym zapaleniu gardła, chorobie o przeważnie wirusowej etiologii (nawet do 95% przypadków) i dominującym objawie w postaci bólu przy przełykaniu, korzystnie działają stosowane miejscowo leki przeciwzapalne (benzydamina, diklofenak, flurbiprofen), leki znieczulające miejscowo (lidokaina, benzokaina, mentol) czy antyseptyki (amylometakrezol, alkohol 2,4-dichlorobenzylowy, oktenidyna)186. Oktenidyna działa przeciwwirusowo, przeciwbakteryjnie, przeciwgrzybiczo oraz ma działanie przeciwbólowe189. Dodatkowo, opublikowane w 2023 r. badania in vitro potwierdziły wysoką skuteczność tej substancji w eradykacji biofilmu wytworzonego przez: S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans190. Za bezpieczeństwem oktenidyny przemawia fakt, iż na podstawie badań przedklinicznych zakłada się, że substancja czynna nie jest wchłaniana ogólnoustrojowo w przewodzie pokarmowym.
Należy zauważyć, że wszystkie substancje zalecane w zakażeniach dróg oddechowych powinny być stosowane zgodnie ze wskazówkami lekarza, w celu ograniczenia ryzyka rozwoju działań niepożądanych, i zawsze, jeśli jest taka możliwość, powinniśmy wybierać substancje bezpieczne.
Podsumowując, w leczeniu zakażeń dróg oddechowych, szczególnie tych o etiologii wirusowej, należy skupić się na leczeniu objawowym, unikać nieuzasadnionego stosowania antybiotyków i przeprowadzać odpowiednią diagnostykę w celu rozróżnienia etiologii bakteryjnej i wirusowej.
Zdjęcia: archiwum prywatne, Michał Teperek, Bartosz Jankowski, onurdongel/iStock/Getty Images Plus/getty images, Christoph Burgstedt/iStock/Getty Images Plus/getty images
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