Abstract

Hematuria in the outpatient setting

Hematuria is a commonly encountered symptom in the outpatient setting. It can be classified into gross/ macroscopic (red coloured urine) and microscopic hematuria (diagnosis is based on the detection of 3 or more red blood cells in urine microscopic examination). Both benign and malignant entities can result in the presence of red blood cells in urine. Erythrocytes may derive from every part of the urinary tract: kidney, calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, prostate and urethra. Despite the myriad of potential causes, each physician is obligated to take into consideration malignancies of the urinary tract as well as primary renal disease in the differential diagnosis. Workup for hematuria varies between guidelines provided by national and international urological associations. In this article, we present brief review of diagnostic approaches to macrohematuria and microhematuria, including guidelines-based indications for nephrological/ urological referral. We hope that this article will improve and accelerate assessment of patients with hematuria, which in turn may increase the urinary tract malignancy detection.

Piśmiennictwo

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